Comprehensive Evaluation of 45S5 Bioactive Glass Doped with Samarium: From Synthesis and Physical Properties to Biocompatibility and Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract

This paper describes the synthesis and evaluation of samarium-doped 45S5 bioactive glass in various ratios. The bioactive glass samples were prepared using the sol–gel method and subjected to a heat treatment at 700 °C in normal atmosphere. The obtained samples were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) before and after the heat treatment to assess their thermal stability and compositional changes. The bioactivity of the samples was tested in vitro by immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 36.5 ± 0.5 °C (normal human body temperature) and pH 7.4 (the pH of the human blood plasma), for several time periods. During the test, the pH and conductivity of the SBF solutions were monitored to track ion migration. After the in vitro test, the mass loss was evaluated and the formation of hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) was analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy. The microstructure of the bioactive glasses was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the density of bioactive glass was also determined using Archimedes’ principle. This study also investigated the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties of both undoped and samarium-doped 45S5 bioactive glass through qualitative and quantitative assays against a range of microorganisms, including Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and yeast reference strains. The results were compared with literature data on melt-derived bioactive glass to evaluate the effects of Sm doping and the sol–gel synthesis method on bioactive glass performance.