Physical Performance and Sports Genetics: A Systematic Review of Candidate Gene Polymorphisms Involved in Team Sports

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This systematic review aimed to gather the most recent evidence regarding the link between genetic polymorphisms and physical performance in team sports, with a focus on the practical utility of this information for athlete selection, training personalization, and injury prevention. Methods: Sixteen studies published between 2018 and 2025 were analyzed and selected from six international databases, in accordance with the PRISMA guideline. Only English-language studies were included, which evaluated active athletes in team sports and investigated associations between genetic variations, such as Actinin Alpha 3 (ACTN3 R577X), Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme (ACE I/D), Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha (PPARA), Interleukin 6 (IL6), and Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 (NOS3), and physical performance parameters. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Q-Genie tool, with all studies scoring over 45 across all 11 items, indicating high quality. Results: The ACTN3 and ACE genes stood out due to their consistent association with traits such as strength, speed, endurance, and recovery capacity. Other genes, such as PPARA, Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH), Angiotensinogen (AGT), and NOS3, complemented this genetic profile by being involved in the regulation of energy metabolism and injury predisposition. An increasing number of studies have begun to adopt cumulative genotype scores, suggesting a shift from a monogenic approach to complex predictive models. Conclusions: The integration of genetic profiling into the evaluation and management of athletes in team sports is becoming increasingly relevant. Although current evidence supports the applicability of these markers, robust future research conducted under standardized conditions is necessary to validate their use in sports practice and to ensure sound ethical standards.