Influence of Bilateral Upper Limb Morphological Asymmetry on Grip Strength Related to Gender in Non-Athlete University Students

Abstract

Bilateral morphological asymmetry of the upper limbs may influence grip strength even in semi-active young adults. Understanding this relationship is important for identifying early neuromuscular imbalances with implications for ergonomics and rehabilitation. This study aimed to examine associations between upper limb anthropometric characteristics and grip strength in non-athlete students, considering gender and manual dominance. The sample included 192 healthy university students (110 females, 82 males; mean age 19.92 ± 1.4 years) without prior sports training. Thirteen bilateral anthropometric parameters of the upper limbs were assessed, including hand and palm dimensions, segmental lengths, and arm and forearm circumferences, along with grip strength measured by dynamometry in two positions: arm extended and arm flexed at 90◦ . Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in forearm length, arm and forearm circumferences, and grip strength (p < 0.001). The dominant limb consistently demonstrated higher grip strength, with mean differences of approximately 2 kg. Male participants showed higher absolute values for all morphological and functional variables, whereas stronger correlations between distal upper-limb morphology and grip strength were observed in females. These findings indicate that, despite largely symmetric skeletal dimensions, moderate functional asymmetries exist and grip strength is influenced primarily by local muscular development rather than overall limb size